In his famous salivating dog experiment,Ivan Pavlov demonstrated that

A) animals other than humans can exhibit higher intelligence.
B) learning is primarily a mental activity.
C) reinforcement is necessary for learning.
D) all animals are governed by the laws of operant behavior.

Adler's thinking and theory have been criticized as

A) inconsistent and unsystematic, with many gaps and unanswered questions.
B) rigid and exclusive, requiring total allegiance or complete rejection.
C) too complicated for any but specialists to understand.
D) so close to Freud that no significant differences are apparent.

If violence is defined to include slapping and pushing, etc., research on heterosexual couples finds that women commit more acts of violence against men than men commit against women.