A:

(a) Type of study:
The type of study described is an experimental study. This is because Ed is actively manipulating one variable (presence of an audience) to observe its effect on another variable (test scores). In experimental studies, participants are typically assigned to different conditions, and the researcher controls the environment to isolate the effects of the independent variable on the dependent variable.

(b) Independent variable:
The independent variable in this study is the presence of an audience. This is the variable that Ed is manipulating by having one group of subjects complete the test in front of an audience and the other group complete the test alone. The independent variable is the presumed cause or condition that is expected to produce an effect on the dependent variable.

(c) Dependent variable:
The dependent variable is the subjects' test scores. This is the outcome that Ed is measuring to determine if there is an effect from the presence of the audience. The dependent variable is what is being affected during the experiment and is dependent on the independent variable. It is the presumed effect or outcome that the researcher is interested in observing and measuring.

The four types of corporate cultures are apathetic, caring, exacting, and integrative and are based on how much concern they have for people and profits. An apathetic culture shows minimal concern for people or profits. Individuals in this culture focus mainly on their own self-interests. Countrywide might be an example of this before the recession. Employees were encouraged to sell to borrowers, even when they could not afford the loan, going so far as to create "liar loans" for them. This seriously jeopardized the long-term well-being of the organization. A caring culture exhibits high concern for people over profits. The Container Store might be a good example of this. The Container Store views employees as its most important stakeholder. An exacting culture shows more concern for profits over people. UPS has an exacting culture and holds employees to high standards. However, even an exacting culture should show concern for people if it wants to be successful. An integrative culture shows high concern for both people and profits. Starbucks is an example of an integrative culture. This culture is characterized by the fact that employees see themselves as important to meeting the firm's performance criteria.

True