True

local

Organizational culture forms in response to two major challenges that confront every organization: (1)external adaptation and survival,and (2)internal integration.External adaptation and survival has to do with how the organization will find a niche in and cope with its constantly changing external environment.It includes the following issues: mission and strategy,goals,means,and measurement.Internal integration concerns the establishment and maintenance of effective working relationships among members of the organization.It includes the issues of language and concepts,group and team boundaries,power and status and rewards and punishments.An organizational culture emerges when members share knowledge and assumptions as they discover or develop ways of coping with external adaptation and internal integration issues.In new companies,such as Dell,Microsoft,and Amazon,the founder or a few key individuals may largely determine the organization's culture.In older organizations,such as GM,Ford,Procter & Gamble,its culture will reflect a complex mixture of the assumptions,values,and ideas of the founder or other early top managers and the subsequent learning and experiences of organizational members.

B