For adolescents, the transition to the new school setting is often accompanied by _______.

A) an increased participation in school activities.
B) a decline in grades.
C) an increase in self-esteem.
D) a decrease in stress.

Achievement motivation refers to a

A) goal-oriented leadership style that builds teamwork.
B) desire for significant accomplishment.
C) need to feel that the world is organized and predictable.
D) focused state of consciousness accompanied by diminished self-awareness.

Following the scientific discovery that a specific brain structure is significantly larger in violent individuals than in those who are nonviolent,a news headline announced: "Enlarged Brain Structure Triggers Violent Acts." The headline writer should most clearly be warned about the dangers of

A) the placebo effect.
B) naturalistic observation.
C) confusing association with causation.
D) generalizing from unrepresentative samples.

Because Mr.Baron demonstrates appreciation only for very good classroom answers,his students have stopped participating in class.Mr.Baron most clearly needs to be informed of the value of

A) generalization.
B) spontaneous recovery.
C) shaping.
D) partial reinforcement.

In the signal-detection method,what do we call it when a subject detects a stimulus when no stimulus is actually present

A)  hit 
B)  correct rejection 
C)  miss 
D)  false alarm

Behavior therapists often attempt to use classical conditioning or operant conditioning principles and techniques to acquire or increase desired behaviors, or extinguish or decrease undesired behaviors. Another behavioral approach to altering behaviors that is distinct from both operant and classical conditioning is __________.

A) psychoanalysis
B) unconditional positive regard
C) modeling
D) cognitive restructuring