If a student studies very hard in order to avoid getting bad grades, this is an example of which behavioral principle?

A) positive reinforcement
B) negative reinforcement
C) punishment
D) shaping

Which of the following would result in cognitive dissonance?

A) I believe smoking is bad for my health; I love to smoke.
B) I believe exercising is healthy; I love to exercise.
C) I believe dresses are feminine; Nicole Kidman sometimes wears pants.
D) I believe profanity is childish; my father uses profanity.

Alfred suffers from an extreme and irrational fear of spiders.His fear is exaggerated and disproportionate to the actual danger he might be in if he did encounter a spider.Alfred's fear of spiders is so intense that he would go to almost any length to avoid coming into contact with them.Alfred is most likely to be diagnosed with which of the following disorders?

A) specific phobia
B) generalized anxiety disorder
C) social anxiety disorder
D) post-traumatic stress disorder

Justin is a trained social psychologist, whereas Bill majored in graphic arts. In their respective career paths, we would expect it is more likely that:

A) Bill studies people in groups.
B) Bill is interested in numerical trends.
C) Justin uses the scientific method.
D) Justin is interested in monkeys.

Which of the following statements is true of teachers' influences on student performance?

A) Students learn more in classes when they work on their own than when they are supervised by teachers.
B) Achievement is enhanced when teachers expect students to master the curriculum.
C) Students do well when teachers rely heavily on criticism and punishment.
D) Teachers' effectiveness increases when they give common feedback to all students.

The reverse of projection is ________.

A) identification
B) intellectualization
C) sublimation
D) reaction formation

The rapid transmission of fads and fashions best illustrates the impact of

A) classical conditioning.
B) instinctive drift.
C) operant conditioning.
D) observational learning.

How do advertisements for sexual enhancement drugs such as Viagra contribute to dominant forms of masculinity?