C

B

B

D

Charles Darwin postulated that emotional expressions are universal among humans and are not learned but rather are inherited behaviors that have evolved because they had adaptive value. In his seminal work, "The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals" (1872), Darwin proposed that emotional expressions were similar across cultures because they originated from common ancestors. He argued that these expressions were biologically innate and evolved through natural selection because they served important communicative functions, allowing individuals to quickly convey a wide range of information about their emotional states, intentions, and reactions.

Darwin suggested that certain emotional responses are so deeply ingrained that they are often displayed in similar ways by people from diverse cultures, as well as by other animals. For example, the expression of anger might involve furrowing the brow, flaring the nostrils, and baring the teeth, which can be observed across human societies and in some non-human primates.

He also explored the principle of antithesis, where opposite states of mind lead to contrasting body movements or postures. For instance, a submissive individual might lower their gaze and adopt a smaller body posture, which is the opposite of the expansive and direct stance of a dominant or aggressive individual.

Darwin's ideas on emotional expressions laid the groundwork for later research in psychology and ethology (the study of animal behavior), influencing our understanding of the biological and evolutionary basis of emotions. His work has been expanded upon by numerous researchers, and while some of his ideas have been challenged or refined, the core concept that many emotional expressions have an evolutionary basis is widely accepted in the scientific community.

Particular groups, such as women and African Americans, are sometimes thought to suffer from low self-esteem. In fact, their self-esteem is often pretty healthy too, despite various alarmist claims that it is low. Women's self-esteem is only slightly below that of men's. The difference is largest during adolescence, and it seems to be large not because the self-esteem of adolescent girls is especially low but because many teenage boys are very egotistical. Women and girls tend to be critical of their bodies, whereas boys and men think their bodies are just fine, and this discrepancy probably accounts for most if not all of the gender difference in self-esteem. (There is no sign that women regard themselves as less intelligent than men, for example, or less able to get along with others.)
Meanwhile, African Americans actually have somewhat higher self-esteem than other Americans, though again the difference is not very large. Their high self-esteem makes African Americans somewhat unusual because other minority groups average lower than European Americans in self-esteem. Still, no group really scores very low in self-esteem; the differences are just a matter of whether the group regards itself as significantly above average, or closer to average.

If language is lost the culture dies because it loses one of its most important survival mechanisms.Culture is a social construct,which is reliant on interaction between people.Language enhances the capability of interactions and carries pieces of the culture within it.