Union substitution refers to:

A) Management policies and practices adopted to keep unions out by making them unnecessary.
B) Tactics such as harassment, demotion, or firing of union supporters.
C) Elections in which workers vote out their current union in favor of an alternative union.
D) Laws and regulations that provide the same or similar benefits as unions.

Union Substitution

A strategy employed by employers to avoid unionization among their employees, often by providing benefits similar to those a union would negotiate.

Management Policies

Guidelines and principles adopted by an organization's leadership to govern decisions and actions within the company.

Harassment

Unwanted and unwelcomed behavior that creates an intimidating, hostile, or offensive work environment.