Derek has just invented a new game to play with his 18-month-old daughter,Beth.In the game,Derek distorts his facial features and makes an unusual noise.Then,it's Beth's turn to do the same thing.This activity,which is enjoyed by both Beth and Derek,illustrates

A) launching.
B) scaffolding.
C) possible selves.
D) negative reinforcement.

Ross is a shy,timid child who is uncomfortable around unfamiliar people.What type of temperament does Ross have,using the temperament categories outlined by Kagan

A)  inhibited 
B)  slow-to-warm-up 
C)  uninhibited 
D)  easy

According to the Social Readjustment Rating Scale, the most stressful event in an adult's life is:

A) retirement.
B) pregnancy.
C) divorce.
D) death of a spouse.

When an experimenter gives subtle cues to participants about how to behave,we say that a(n) ______ has occurred.

A) experimenter-expectancy effect
B) double-blind design
C) implicit error
D) external validity