Social loafing occurs when a member of a team slows down, letting others work harder.

Which of the following statements best encapsulates the relationship between stress and physical illness according to psychoneuroimmunologists?

A) Stress compromises the body's immune system, leaving a person vulnerable to illness.
B) Stress increases the production of natural killer cells, which causes cell death and leads to illness.
C) Stress causes high blood pressure, heart disease, and cancer.
D) Stress has no direct relationship to physical illness, though physicians tell us that these things are related so that we will be more willing to take unnecessary medications.

Persistent substance craving and use despite significant life disruption and risk of physical harm is most characteristic of

A) intoxication.
B) withdrawal.
C) substance use disorder.
D) a near-death experience.

Innate drives or impulses that are genetically transmitted are:

A) Instincts.
B) reflexes.
C) templates.
D) survival strategies.

Which of the following is a primary reinforcer?

A) grades
B) water
C) money
D) recognition

Lena is extremely opinionated and over-controlling.She is often stingy with her money and is obsessed with neatness and order.According to Freudian theory, Lena is most likely fixated at which psychosexual stage of development?

A) Oral
B) Anal
C) Phallic
D) Genital